Paste #130773

#pragma once

enum AircraftType { FIGHTER_ID, FREIGHTER_ID };

class Aircraft
{
public:
	Aircraft();
	explicit Aircraft( AircraftType id );
	virtual ~Aircraft() { delete this; };
	virtual void fly();
	virtual void land();

private:
	Aircraft* m_craft;
};

class Fighter : public Aircraft
{
public:
	virtual void fly() override;
	virtual void land() override;

private:
	Fighter();
	Fighter(Fighter&);
	Fighter& operator= (Fighter&);
	friend class Aircraft;
};

class Freighter : public Aircraft
{
public:
	virtual void fly() override;
	virtual void land() override;

private:
	Freighter();
	Freighter(Freighter&);
	Fighter& operator= (Freighter&);
	friend class Aircraft;
};

//==============================================================================
//another version, kinda Clone

class Shape
{
public:
	virtual ~Shape(){};
	virtual int area() const = 0;

	virtual Shape* clone() const = 0;   // Uses the copy constructor
	virtual Shape* create() const = 0;   // Uses the default constructor
};

class Circle : public Shape
{
public:
	virtual Circle* clone() const override		// Covariant Return Types
	{
		return new Circle(*this);
	}

	virtual Circle* create() const override		// Covariant Return Types
	{
		return new Circle();
	}

	virtual int area() const override
	{
		return 42;
	}
};

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include <Windows.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>


//value type set diagram
//      ______ _______
//     /      X       \
//    /     /   \      \
//   |  lv | xvl | prv  |
//    \     \   /      /
//     \______X_______/
//        glv    rv

//In C++11 expressions can be classified into two categories: values with identity and values with no identity.
//In this context, identity means a name, a pointer,
//or a reference that enable you to determine if two objects are the same,
//to change the state of an object, or copy it.
//
//lvalue is an expression that has identity, in contrary rvalue doesn't have. C++03
//in C++11 lvalue - expression which has identity and is not readily moveable
//xvalue


class A
{
	std::string m_someStr;
	int m_someInt;

public:
	A(const std::string& someStr, int someInt )
		: m_someStr( someStr )
		, m_someInt( someInt )
	{
		std::cout << "'A' constructor," << std::endl
				  << "member someStr value: " << m_someStr << std::endl
				  << "member someInt value: " << m_someInt << std::endl << std::endl;
	}


	A()
		: m_someStr("My string")
		, m_someInt(42)
	{
		std::cout << "'A' default constructor," << std::endl
				  << "member someStr value: " << m_someStr << std::endl
				  << "member someInt value: " << m_someInt << std::endl << std::endl;
	}

	int getInt() const
	{
		return m_someInt;
	}

	const std::string& getString() const
	{
		return m_someStr;
	}

	A(A&& other_a)
		: m_someStr( std::move( other_a.m_someStr ) )
		, m_someInt( other_a.m_someInt )
	{
		std::cout << "'A' move constructor," << std::endl << std::endl;
	}

	A(const A& other_a)
		: m_someInt( other_a.m_someInt )
		, m_someStr( other_a.m_someStr )
	{
		std::cout << "'A' copy constructor," << std::endl << std::endl;
	}

	~A()
	{
		std::cout << "'A' destructor," << std::endl
				  << "member someStr value: " << m_someStr << std::endl
			      << "member someInt value: " << m_someInt << std::endl << std::endl;
	}
};

//============================================================================================

A&& makeAInstance() //bad example: rvalue ref to local obj
{
	return A();
}

A&& makeAInstance2() //the same bad example: rvalue ref to local obj
{
	A a;

	return std::move(a);
}

int&& intRValue() // bad example: rvalue ref to local POD obj
{
	static int a(23);
	return std::move(a);
}
//============================================================================================

A globalVar = A();

A&& RValueToGlobalVar() // may exist, but bad coding style(using global variable)
{
	return std::move(globalVar);
}

A&& RValueToStaticVar() // may exist
{
	static A static_var = A();
	
	return std::move(static_var);
}

A&& RValueToTempVar() // may exist
{
	return A("lil", 23);
}
//============================================================================================
std::list<int> makeRandomList(int size)
{
	std::list<int> data(size);
	std::generate(data.begin(), data.end(), std::rand);
	return data;
}

// Perfect forwarding
//============================================================================================
//template <typename T>
void bar(int& smth)
{
	std::cout << typeid(smth).name() << std::endl;
}

template <typename T>
void bar(const T& smth)
{
    std::cout << typeid(smth).name() << std::endl;
}

template <typename T>
void foo(T& Object)
{
	bar(Object);
}

template <typename T>
void foo(const T& Object)
{
	bar(Object);
}


//class A
//{
//public:
//	A(const int& a, const int& b)
//	{
//		a;
//		b;
//	}
//};
//
//auto ptr = boost::make_shared<A>( 5, 6 );

template <typename T>
class Entity
{
public:

	T m_var;
};


int main()
{
// 	A a = makeAInstance();
// 	A a2 = makeAInstance();

// Dangling rvalue reference example
//============================================================================================
	//int&& danglingRValueRef = intRValue();
	//int someTmpInt = 5;

	//std::cout << someTmpInt << std::endl;
	//std::cout << danglingRValueRef << std::endl;

// Holding on rvalue reference(or regular reference) to a temporary object ensures
// that the temporary object isn't immediately destructed:
	//A&& a = A(); 

// Test for calling different ctors
//============================================================================================

	/*A&& var		= RValueToGlobalVar();
	std::cout << typeid(var).name() << std::endl;

	A var1		= RValueToStaticVar();

	A&& var2	= RValueToTempVar();
	std::cout << var2.getInt() << " "<< var2.getString() << std::endl;*/

//============================================================================================
	std::list<int> lst = makeRandomList(5);

	char* an = "adadadad";
	std::cout << typeid(std::move(an)).name();

	int someInt = 42;
	const int someConstInt = 42;

	foo(5);
	foo(someInt);
	foo(someConstInt);

	//foo(A());

	return 0;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>


class BaseNoPolymorph
{};

class DerivedNoPolymorph : public BaseNoPolymorph
{};

class BasePolymorph
{
public:
	virtual ~BasePolymorph(){};
};

class DerivedPolymorph : public BasePolymorph
{
public:
	virtual ~DerivedPolymorph(){};
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct Base
{
public:
	virtual void some_func()
	{
		std::cout << "Base some_func()";
	}
};

struct Derived : public Base
{
public:
	virtual void some_func() override
	{
		std::cout << "Derived some_func()";
	}
};

//class A
//{
//public:
//	explicit A()
//	{
//	}
//
//	A(A const& inst)
//	{
//	}
//};


int main()
{
	Base& obj = Derived();
	std::thread thr(&Base::some_func, &obj); //call corresponding virtual method of Derived class

//=================================================================================================================
	double pi = 3.14;
	int intPi = pi;								// compiler narrowing warning
	int someInt = static_cast<int>(pi);			// no warning

	void* anyPtr = &someInt;					// any pointer type can be assigned to void*
	int* intPtr = static_cast<int*>(anyPtr);	// have to be used to convert void* into other pointer types

	BaseNoPolymorph* baseNoPolyPtr = new DerivedNoPolymorph();
	DerivedNoPolymorph* derivedNoPolyPtr = static_cast<DerivedNoPolymorph*>(baseNoPolyPtr);

	//DerivedPolymorph* derivedPolPtr = static_cast<DerivedPolymorph*>(baseNoPolyPtr); // used only for compatible types conversion
	
	//BaseNoPolymorph base, *pointerBase = nullptr;
	//BaseNoPolymorph derived, *pointerDerived = nullptr;
	//pointerDerived = dynamic_cast<DeriveNoPolymorph*>(&base);	// bad style, BaseNoPolymorph - not polymorphic type
	//pointerBase = dynamic_cast<BaseNoPolymorph*>(&derived);	// norm style, coz dynamic_cast is successful
																// for upcasting derived to one of its base classes.

//=================================================================================================================
	//BasePolymorph* base = new BasePolymorph();
	//BasePolymorph* derived = new DerivedPolymorph();

	//DerivedPolymorph* derivedPolymorph = nullptr;

	//if (derivedPolymorph = dynamic_cast<DerivedPolymorph*>(base))
	//{
	//	printf("Base to Derived"); //don't work
	//}

	//if (derivedPolymorph = dynamic_cast<DerivedPolymorph*>(derived))
	//{
	//	printf("Base to Derived"); //work
	//}

	//BasePolymorph* po = nullptr;
	//BaseNoPolymorph* poi = nullptr;

	//poi = dynamic_cast<BaseNoPolymorph*>(po);
	//

	//auto var = reinterpret_cast<int*>(38158);
	//int* a = (int*)38158;

	//int* somePointer = new int(10);
	//int someInt = reinterpret_cast<int>(somePointer);

	//decltype ("sss") my_var ="sss";


	return 0;
}